بررسی روند تعداد روزهای گرد و خاک و غلظت نوری هواویز های حاصل از ماهواره در استان خوزستان با استفاده از آزمون‌ ناپارامتریک من- کندال

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشکده هواشناسی

2 دانش ‏آموخته دکتری هواشناسی، پژوهشکده هواشناسی

3 دانشجوی دکترای هواشناسی، دانشگاه هرمزگان

4 کارشناسی ارشد، مهندسی محیط زیست

چکیده

پدیده گردوخاک یکی از مخاطرات طبیعی است که امروزه بخش وسیعی از کشورهای دنیا را تحت تاثیر قرار داده و سبب بروز خسارات مالی و جانی فراوانی می‌شود. ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﮕﻮی ﺑﺎرش و دﻣﺎ و وقوع ﺧﺸﮑﺴﺎﻟﯽ‌های طولانی و پی‌درپی ناشی از تغییر اقلیم در سال‌های اخیر سبب وﻗﻮع ﭘﺪﯾﺪه‌های شدید و فراگیر ﮔﺮدوخاک در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی منطقه خاورمیانه شده اﺳﺖ. استان خوزستان از دیرباز با پدیده گردوخاک مواجه بوده است. پدیده گردوخاک در استان خوزستان بویژه در سال‌های اخیر بسیاری از سازوکارهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی و حتی اداری این منطقه را دچار اخلال نموده است. در این مطالعه داده‌های 11 ایستگاه هواشناسی همدیدی استان خوزستان در دوره 25 ساله (سال‌های 1372 تا 1396) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. همچنین برخی نتایج بدست آمده با داده‌های عمق نوری و شاخص NDVI در سطح استان خوزستان مقایسه شده‌اند. از میان 11 ایستگاه موردمطالعه، ایستگاه‌های اهواز، بستان و آبادان بیشترین فراوانی روزهای همراه با گردوخاک را دارا بوده در حالی ‌که ایستگاه‌های بهبهان و رامهرمز کمترین فراوانی روزهای گردوخاک را دارند. میانگین روزهای همراه با گردوخاک سالانه در استان خوزستان در دوره 25 ساله معادل 3/37 روز در سال بوده که در این راستا سال‌های 1387، 1388 و 1390 بیشترین فراوانی روزهای گردوخاک استان را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. بیشترین مقادیر AOD و کمترین مقدار شاخص NDVI نیز در سال های 1387 و 1388 مشاهده شده که با تعداد روزهای همراه با گردوخاک در استان خوزستان در توافق است. همچنین در ماه‌های تیر و خرداد با بیشترین دما و کمترین مقدار بارش و رطوبت نسبی، بیشترین رخداد گردخاک و در ماه آذر کمترین تعداد پدیده گردوخاک در کل استان رخ داده است. به طور کلی ضریب روند سالانه تعداد روزهای همراه با گردوخاک استان خوزستان 39/1 بوده که بیانگر روند افزایشی است. بررسی نتایج آزمون من کندال، این روند را در سطح اعتماد 5 درصد معنی‌دار نشان می‌دهد. با بررسی فصلی نیز می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که روند تعداد روزهای همراه با گردوخاک استان خوزستان در فصل بهار در سطح اعتماد 5 درصد معنی‌دار است. این روند در فصل تابستان معنی‌دار نبوده ولی در فصل پاییز در سطح اعتماد 10 درصد و در فصل زمستان در سطح اعتماد 1 درصد معنی‌دار است و در هر دو فصل روند مثبت بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of trend analysis of the number of dust stormy days and aerosol concentration derived from satellite in Khuzestan province by using non-parametric Mann-Kendall test

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sara Karami 1
  • Nasim Hossein Hamzeh 2
  • Hosein Sabzezari 3
  • Mohsen Lo Alizadeh 4
1 Assistant Prof. ASMERC
2 PhD. in Meteorology,Department of Atmospheric Science & Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC), Tehran, Iran
3 2Department of Meteorology, University of Hormozgan, Iran
4 Ahvaz meteorological organization, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Dust storms are one of important natural disasters that affect vast areas in the world and makes damage to people lives and causes many financial problems. Recently, change in precipitation and temperature pattern happened in the Persian Gulf countries due to climate change. Every year, dust storms causes many problems in different regions of Iran especially in Khuzestan province and this phenomenon frequently disrupt social, economic and official mechanism of the province. The areas are affected by Syria and Saudi Arabia dust particles. So analysis and simulation of dust storms will be helpful to investigate the potential sources and transport mechanism of dust particles in this area.
In this research, 11 synoptic weather stations in Khuzestan province were investigated in 25years duration. Also results were investigated by AOD and NDVI indexes in all areas of the province. Ahvaz, Bostan, Abadan stations had the most dust storms frequency and Behbahan and Ramhormoz had the least. The average dusty days was 37.3 days per year and 2008,2009 and 2011 years had the most number of dusty days. The maximum amount of AOD and minimum amount of NDVI were in 2008 and 2009 that is in good agreement with number of dusty days in these years.
 
Materials and methods
In this study, the trend of monthly and yearly dusty day frequency investigated in some stations in Khuzestan province in 25years duration (1993 to 2017). Then The Mann-Kendall Test is used for all of them. For this purpose, dust codes (06 and 07) separated in Khuzestan weather stations in 25years duration. Furthermore, reported visibility must be 5000m or less in dusty days. In the next steps, the MODIS Terra AOD was used to investigate Aerosol optical depth in the atmosphere. AOD is available daily and at a spatial resolution of 1 degree. Finally, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was investigated in the study area. The index investigates vegetation coverage changes in the study area and it used red and near-infrared channels.
 
Conclusion
In this case study, dust storms were investigated climatically in 25years duration (1993 to 2017). Monthly average number for dusty days showed that the maximum temperature and the minimum precipitation happened in June and July in Khuzestan province. Also the maximum frequency of dusty days happened in that two months and the minimum of dust frequency happened in November.
The maximum amount of monthly AOD was in June from 2000 to 2018 in Khuzestan province that it is in good agreement with maximum average number of dusty days. Ahvaz, Bostan, Abadan weather stations had the maximum frequency of dusty days, but Behbahan and ramhormoz stations had the minimum frequency of dusty days.
The seasonal average number of dusty days showed that the maximum frequency of dusty days was in spring and summer and the minimum frequency was in autumn. Also the maximum number of dusty days happened in 2008, 2009 and 2011. The maximum amount of AOD was in 2008 and 2009 in 19years duration (2000 to 2018). The mean annual NDVI index was the least amount in 2008 and 2009 that it is in good agreement with AOD and dusty days in the province.
Totally, annual trend coefficient of dusty days was 1.39 in Khuzestan province which shows and increasing trend. Investigation of Mann Kendall Test in dusty days of Khuzestan weather stations confirms 1 to 10 percent confidence levels of the observation trend at 7 stations, but it was meaningless in 4 weather stations.  Seasonal analysis showed that the trend of number of dusty days was significant at 5% confidence level in the spring. This trend was not significant in summer but it was significant at 10% confidence level in autumn and 1% in winter.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climate change
  • dust storms
  • Khuzestan
  • Mann Kendall Test
  • confidence level

مراجع

  1. Abbas Ali, Wali, Khamooshi, Sajjad, Mousavi, Seyed Hojjat, Panahi Fatemeh, Tamaski Ehsan. Climatic analysis and tracing of dust storm in the south and center of Iran. Journal of Environmental Science, 40: 972-961.
  2. Ansari Renan, Marzieh. Statistical-Climatic Analysis of Soil Dust in Zahedan Province in the Time Period (1986-2005) The First International Congress on Dust Phenomena and Coping with Its Harmful Effects February 17-18, 2011 Ahvaz.
  3. Barati, Gholamreza, Karami Fariba. Equations of air pressure and visibility in selected cities of Khuzestan province - The second national conference on wind erosion in Yazd,2011.
  4. Daniali, M., Mohamadzhad, B. and Karimi, N., 2018. Spatial analysis of dust in Khuzestan province using satellite imagery.
  5. Farajzadeh, M. and Alizadeh, K., 2011. Temporal and spatial analysis of dust storms in Iran. The Journal of Spatial Planning, 15(1), pp.65-84.
  6. Goodarzi, M., Hosseini, S.A. and Ahmadi, H., 2018. Investigation of temporal and spatial distribution of days with dust in the west and southwest of Iran.
  7. Kutiel, H. and Furman, H. 2003. Dust storms in the Middle East: sources of origin and their temporal characteristics. Indoor and Built Environment. 12: 419-426
  8. Lettenmaier, D. P. E. F. Wood, and J. R. Wallis, 1994: Hydro-climatological Trends in the Continental United States, 1948–88. J. Climate, 7: 586–607.
  9. Levy, R.C. Remer, L.A. Dobovik, O. 2007. Global aerosol optical properties and application to Moderate Resolution Imaging spectro radiometer aerosol retrieval over land. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D13210. doi:10. 1029/2006JD007815.

10. Mobarak Hassan, Elham: Parvin Ghafayan. Investigation of dust formation mechanism in Khuzestan province in cold season: a case study January 2005, 2nd National Conference on Wind Erosion in Yazd

11. Nabavi, S.S., Moradi, H. and Shrifikia, M., 2019. Evaluation of dust storm temporal distribution and the relation of the effective factors with the frequency of occurrence in Khuzestan Province from 2000 to 2015. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 28(111), pp.191-203.

12. Namdari, S. K. K. Valizade, A. A. Rasuly, and B. Sari Sarraf. 2016. “Spatio-Temporal Analysis of MODIS AOD over Western Part of Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9 :3-17.

13. Raeispour, K., 2008. Statistical Analysis of Dust Phenomenon in Khuzestan Province (Doctoral dissertation, Master thesis, Sistan and Baluchestan University).

14. Rafiei, Zohreh; Yazdani, Mohammad Reza; Rahimi, Mohammad. 2016. Trend analysis of the number of days with dust in Iran. Dry Boom Scientific-Research Quarterly, 6 (2).

15. Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, 2011. Statistical Methods in Meteorological and Climatological Studies, Aban Publications.

16. Raispour, Kuhzad. Statistical and Synoptic Analysis of Dust Phenomenon in Khuzestan Province in 2008-2009, Master Thesis in Climatology, Sistan and Baluchestan University.

17. Rezaei, Banafsheh, Sharifi Majid, Pirkhezrian Leila. 2012. Estimation of dust by using satellite images in Kurdistan province. Quarterly Journal of Natural Geography, 13: 4-1.

18. Serrano, A. Mateos, V.L. Garcia, J.A. 1999. Trend analysis ofmonthly precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula for the period 1921–1995.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 24: 85–90

19. Shoai, Zia al-Din: Nowruz Akbar. Statistical study of dust events in Ilam province during the statistical period of 2000-2015, the second international conference on dust, May 1997, Ilam University.

20. Tan, M. Li, X. Xin, L. 2014. Intensity of dust storms in China from 1980 to 2007: A new definition, Atmospheric Environment, 215-222.

21. Wang X, Dong Z, Yan P, Yang Z, Hu Z, Surface sample collection and dust source analysis in northwestern China, Catena 2005; 59: 35-53

22. Xuan, T. D., E. Tsuzuki, T. Hiruki, M. Mitsuhiro, T.D. Khanh and I.M. Chung. 2004. Evaluation of phyto toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) to crops and weeds. Crop Protection, 23: 335- 345.

23. Yazdani, Mohammad Reza; Rahimi, Mohammad, 2016. Trend analysis of the number of days with dust in Iran. Dry Boom Scientific-Research Quarterly, 6 (2).

24. Zarasvandi, Alireza, Farid Nazarpour, Ahad, 2011, Mineralogical and morphological composition of the dust constituents in Khuzestan province relying on XRD analysis and SEM images, Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, No. 3, Page 511 - 518 29.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار