Analysis of the thermal behavior of Houses with a central courtyard by Design Builder

The thermal behavior of buildings is an influential factor in creating thermal comfort for humans. The thermal behavior of contemporary buildings depends on various factors such as the mechanical and electrical facilities of the building, this ensures the thermal behavior of the buildings. Although buildings usually use fossil fuels and cause severe consequences such as climate change, there are no mechanical and electrical facilities in the central courtyard buildings of Yazd to create proper thermal behavior. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to analyze the thermal behavior of buildings with a central courtyard in the dry climate of Yazd, to check to what extent these buildings provide suitable thermal behavior. Modeling and simulation methods have been used in this research. At first, 20 buildings with a central courtyard were selected in Yazd region and then modeled in Fazar Design Builder software. Investigating the thermal and cooling requirements of buildings was obtained according to many architectural factors such as geometry, orientation, etc. It should also be mentioned that the climate file of Yazd region was entered into the software annually so that annual simulation can be done. Due to the non-use of mechanical equipment in these houses, the temperature setting (set point) was considered for them to determine the cooling and heating needs of the buildings according to the outputs. In order to achieve optimal thermal comfort due to the different substructure of these buildings, it is necessary to divide the total thermal and cooling load per square meter of the building to obtain values in terms of kilowatt hours per square meter in order to provide a basis for comparing these buildings with each other. In line with the aim of the research, the lower the amount of cooling and heating and, consequently, the total load of a building, the better it performs in terms of climate and can meet its minimum needs with heating and cooling facilities. The results of this research showed that the lowest values of total heating and cooling load belong to Samsar's house142 kwh/m2, Tehraniha's house 162 kwh/m2 and Rasoulian's house 181 kwh/m2 and they occupy the first to third place, so to reach Thermal comfort, less energy should be consumed in these houses and this means proper thermal behavior of these buildings.Climate and architecture is one of the important topics in studies related to the role of climate factors on housing and human living space. In the past, architects knew the effects of different climatic factors due to their experience and tried to reduce their adverse effects by considering solutions in addition to the optimal use of climatic factors in order to create comfortable thermal conditions (Zarei and Mirdehghan). , 1395; Bajiyan and Khairuddin, 1396; Jadiri Abbasi et al., 1400; Manjezi and Islami Moghadam, 1402). The assessment of climatic conditions in relation to human comfort is the basis of architecture, urban planning, tourism, etc. activities. Therefore, it seems necessary to compare the comfort ranges in different living spaces, to determine comfort conditions in different climatic ranges based on thermal calculations of the building, the size and power of thermal devices and spatial communication, the amount of openings and also finally on The amount of thermal load of the entire building and in general has a direct effect on the amount of energy consumption and loss (Gorji Mahlbani et al., 2013; Mirmusavi et al., 2013; Hedayati Rad et al., 2015; Kashki et al., 2018; Seflai et al., 2018). ).

In connection with minimizing the energy loss in traditional architecture (Qabadian, 2017), many tricks have been thought of which have been proof of the great attention of designers to this category, which include: the orientation and compact texture of spaces (Zinlian and Akhot, 2017), to The existence of micro-climates, wall cracks, middle space and front spaces, spatial diversity appropriate to the season, the use of the central courtyard and the way of arranging the spaces (Moradi et al., 2018).

The central courtyard, along with the organization of different spaces around it, according to the circulation of the sun, caused the different parts of the house to be assigned to each season of the year and a kind of seasonal circulation was created in the house (Memarian, 2015; Mazaheri et al. , 2017; Piriaei et al., 2001). In hot regions, various measures have been devised in the field of controlling radiant energy in the outer space, which include the use of bright colors for external bodies, the use of different shades, and improving the thermal properties of the materials used in the walls. , but before applying these measures, what is very important is to have suitable proportions of outdoor spaces such as yards, in such a way that it has the best performance against the conditions of sunlight in terms of when shade is needed and vice versa (radiation) et al., 2012). Professor Helmut Schram in a part of the book; "Dense horizontal houses" deals with the classification of houses with courtyards. All kinds of species; It classifies and introduces rectangular, L-shaped, U-shaped central courtyard house, fully enclosed on four sides, multi-yard houses, strip yard houses and multi-story yard houses in different cities (Shram, 2011).